Green chemistry provides a foundation for designing safer, more sustainable science lessons that inspire students to critically consider environmental and societal impacts. K-12 teachers who have integrated green chemistry principles into their classrooms demonstrate how gradual changes to labs and lessons can create engaging and meaningful learning experiences. These insights are drawn from blog posts by Beyond Benign Certified Lead Teachers.
Incorporating green chemistry into classroom activities can be transformative, but finding a starting point can feel daunting, especially amid the demands educators face. To help, we’ve compiled practical tips from K-12 teachers who are rethinking lab experiments, materials, and classroom practices. These updates not only promote sustainability but also create safer learning environments and encourage students to apply green principles in their everyday lives.
How can green chemistry principles help students think differently about the world around them and the planet’s future?
Richard Cooper of Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School in London, Ontario, Canada, highlights how green chemistry labs enable students to develop practical, real-world skills while fostering a deeper understanding of sustainability and innovation.
As students learn proper lab techniques, we as teachers are not just simply teaching them how to measure accurately. We also help them learn that focus, practice, and determination are necessary traits for success both inside and outside the lab. These future material designers, supply chain managers, policymakers, captains of industry, and consumers need to understand the impact and connections between Economy, Environment, and Social Equity (3 E’s of sustainability).
Green chemistry and sustainability are essential concepts that help students become scientifically literate 21st-century global citizens. Providing an environment where students utilize key criteria of green chemistry, such as the cost, safety, and performance of products and processes, supports the development of critical thinking skills essential for success in the global economy. In this burgeoning online and global society, I believe that green chemistry and sustainable science could very well be the most relevant science we teach.
How can I use green chemistry in classes beyond chemistry?
Retired middle school teacher Gisele Rubino of World Academy in Nashua, New Hampshire, has used many green lessons and labs with students in her life and physical science courses.
Beyond Benign’s middle school curriculum consists of units dedicated to biotechnology, chemistry, and math and engineering. The Enrichment Materials section is designed for informal science educators teaching students at the middle school level. I have found that several of the lessons written for chemistry in this section can be easily adapted for both life science and earth science. For example, teaching my students about biomimicry — using the Introduction to Biomimicry and Advanced Biomimicry Matching Game — shows how inspiration from nature can be used to create viable innovations connecting form, function, technology, and engineering design. This is easily integrated into my adaptation lessons. Using real-world technology in the classroom helps to provide examples for my students of how designing with the principles of green chemistry is inherently safer, more cost-effective, and better performing than alternatives.
Science today needs to be taught with our future in mind. My involvement with Beyond Benign has allowed me to explore and develop a curriculum that will help future scientists. By incorporating a “green” curriculum, I feel that I am giving my students a starting point for their future endeavors. Hopefully, this will become a way of life, not just a lesson in science class.
What are some replacement labs you use that have green chemistry principles?
Cassidy Javner of Shakopee High School in Shakopee, Minnesota, says it’s important to find safer, sustainable alternatives to traditional, hazardous, and sometimes dangerous chemistry labs.
Open flames and “out of control” chemistry are not tolerated in industry, but there are still quite a few accidents as a result of these practices in the high school setting. Replacement labs teach the same concepts, skills, and knowledge but use equipment and chemicals that are safe for our students and the environment. If we can teach the same kinetics concepts using starch and Vitamin C, then why not? Replacement labs often involve materials available at drugstores or grocery stores, which makes materials easier to acquire and more familiar for students. It also can be powerful to discuss with students why you chose to switch to a more sustainable lab. (The Green Chemistry Teaching & Learning Community has many different replacement lab options for you to try or check out this starter list of labs to try.)
The first replacement lab that I used in my Honors Chemistry classroom was the Le Chatelier’s Principle lab, which replaced the traditional cobalt complex lab. According to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS), the cobalt compounds involved in the traditional lab are possible carcinogens and moderately toxic by ingestion; strict personal protective equipment is required when using this compound. The replacement lab has two equilibrium systems that students analyze.
- Black Tea – H+ Complex: In this example, lemon juice (or vinegar) is used to increase the acidity of the solution, and household ammonia is used to increase the basicity of the solution.
- Starch-Iodine Complex: In this example, a complex is first created using starch and tincture of iodine, and then the temperature is increased and decreased.
Through these examples, students saw how temperature and concentration affect the shifting of an equilibrium system, all while using non-toxic household products. This lab removes hazards for both students and teachers (minimizes hazardous waste disposal) yet still allows students to analyze color changes in equilibrium systems.
How do I integrate green chemistry into my Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry course? And how can these techniques be applied in other classes?
Ann Lambert teaches AP Chemistry courses at King Philip Regional High School, Wrentham, Massachusetts.
As a teacher of AP Chemistry, I know how it is to be heavy on content and short on time. Those AP students, however, are likely to be future chemists, so we must instill in them an awareness of green chemistry and sustainability. Because students are typically passionate about environmental topics, and as the College Board has updated AP Chemistry labs to remove most of the problematic chemicals and guided inquiries, it is easy to weave green chemistry into your regular lessons. It is also important to remember that green chemistry is not a new branch of science, but rather a lens through which we teach and learn the chemistry principles that are in our existing curricula. This holds true both for a first-year course as well as AP Chemistry.
Throughout the year, I point out to students the “old way” that many labs were taught and ask them to identify how the “new way” is greener. For example, when we complete an analysis of alum lab, students find the formula of the hydrate by dehydration and identify the melting point. Then, instead of having students precipitate out the sulfate using a Barium salt solution, I use a YouTube video that demonstrates the precipitation reaction. As a follow-up, they watch a video of a Barium swallow diagnostic test. I ask students to identify and explain, using the SDS, why we are not working with Barium salts in the high school and discuss why the Barium swallow is a safe and very important medical diagnostic tool. To give students the calculation practice the precipitation provides, I give them a set of data. This is just one example of how I weave green chemistry into my daily curricula.
At the end of the year, after the AP exam, I have each student select a Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award-winning project and research it alongside the product or process it replaced. Each student creates a presentation that is given to the class. I have had students tell me that this activity was the aha! moment that tipped them toward deciding to pursue chemistry or chemical engineering in college!
Can you provide a few examples of high school labs that use green chemistry principles?
Stephen Costanza and Dana Wadnola of Whitesboro High School in Marcy, New York, explain how they transform traditional labs and activities to illustrate green chemistry principles.
In some cases, simply replacing one chemical with another is enough. In other cases, we look for different activities that cover the same sections of the curriculum. That includes testing several established labs with students. In the Sharklet lab, students explore Sharklet film, an innovation based on shark skin that prevents the growth of bacteria on surfaces. As the students did the simulation, they became so engaged that they did not want to go to their next class. They continued adding more and more clips to see how many could be held. It was a fun way for them to learn how chemistry ties into materials science and engineering. Seeing this high level of engagement was very rewarding for us.
In addition to the high school resources, we used community engagement activities such as the biomimicry matching game and the green glue activity. The biomimicry matching game involves matching specific animals with potential products inspired by the animals’ characteristics. This was a favorite of our students, especially because they were able to make a connection between biology and chemistry that they never knew existed. The green glue activity challenged students to create two types of glue and evaluate them based on green chemistry criteria. This was fun for them because it involved simple ingredients they could purchase at any market (powdered milk, vinegar, and baking soda), and they also could figure out what was happening because they were familiar with the materials.
Similarly, LeChatelier’s principle equilibrium lab that uses tea, starch, and iodine led to a similar amount of interest. Students were able to see obvious color changes, using materials they have known for years rather than the carcinogenic chromate/dichromate equilibrium that many teachers have used. Whether the color change is from yellow to orange or from tan to dark brown, the principles are the same, yet students are not exposed to harmful materials. In addition, by using store-bought materials, students may be interested in trying other objects they have at home to see if similar changes take place.
These labs are great examples of what it means to make a chemistry classroom “green.” Students use materials they know, and the labs and activities are engaging. Our number one goal as teachers is to help our students succeed in class and their futures, but they should also enjoy what they are learning. Making our classes “greener” can give our students outlets to further explore these concepts outside of school.
How can I engage my high school chemistry students at the start of the year while introducing green chemistry?
Raksmey Derival of Innovation Academy Charter School in Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, shares how she uses a three-part “game” to help students learn lab techniques and aspects of green chemistry — and have some fun in the process.
How many students walk into your chemistry class at the start of the year already hesitant because of chemistry’s reputation of being “boring” or “too hard”? I try to overcome these obstacles by challenging students at the start of the year with a “game” that requires creative and innovative ideas as they learn the chemistry of making glue.
Students are presented with a 26-step procedure for making glue and asked to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the process over three days. My lesson expands on Writing the 12 Principles, which introduces many laboratory techniques students will use throughout the year, like measurements and properly mixing solutions.
During day 1, students collaborate as a class. Each student is given one step from the procedure to read aloud and perform in front of their classmates. The “original” procedure includes normal laboratory techniques alongside silly tasks, like doing 20 jumping jacks. As they work through the procedure, the students easily recognize that many of the steps are unnecessary.
That’s when I inform students that they were given a procedure with extra steps. After a review of the chemistry concepts and some guidance on which materials must be included, students revise and rewrite the procedure to make it more efficient. Day 2 allows students to test their “revised” procedures. Each item they use, and the amount of every chemical they use, is tallied to come up with a score. The lab team that has the lowest score (most efficient) while still creating a glue that works (it’s effective) is declared the winner.
After identifying the winners and debriefing what groups did to use fewer materials to make glue, light bulbs go off on what they can do differently to obtain a lower score. Students are told they can try the challenge again on day 3. Again, they revise the procedure and test out their now-“optimized” process. This is when the students become really engaged! Students enjoy the competitive nature of the lab and start thinking really creatively! After all groups test their optimized procedures, most have successfully made glue in a much more efficient manner than day 1’s original procedure and have even demonstrated increased efficiency from day 2’s revised procedure.
This all naturally leads to a conversation about how they practiced green chemistry without even being introduced to its definition and principles! I use examples from their procedures to showcase how they prevented waste, designed for energy efficiency, increased atom economy, and supported several other green chemistry principles. Likewise, I discuss how other principles were violated during those days. I then build upon this activity by having the students rewrite the 12 Principles using more student-friendly language. With this foundation set, students see that they can invent, fail, invent some more, and repeat this process until they succeed, all through the lens of green chemistry.
There is a Lemonade Lab – Writing the Principles that you can check out, too!
How to Get Involved:
- Attend our monthly interactive webinar series, Observe, Wonder, Think, to collaborate with your peers and get the support you need to bring green chemistry principles into your classroom.
- Join the Green Chemistry Teaching & Learning Community to connect with the community, access resources, and engage in forums specifically for K-12 educators.
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- Explore free, downloadable lessons for all grade levels.